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A song…a dedication to…

A song…a dedication to…to my beloved ‘Jumpers’ and tq for all the sharing and for ur lovely friendship…

The liberal IPE perspective

The liberal IPE perspective

The liberal perspective on IPE reveals many insights about political economy that mercantilists miss or did not address.

The term liberalism means liberty under the law. Hence it focuses on the side of human nature which is competitive but guided by reason not emotion. Although liberals believe that human beings are fundamentally self interested, but it is not a disadvantage because broad areas of society are set up in such a way that competing interests can engage one another constructively.

Liberalism rooted in reaction to important trends and events that occurred in Europe in the 17^th and 18^th centuries. The first step was taken in France by Francois Qusnay (1694—1774) who led a group of French philosophers called the physocrats or les economists. Quesnay condemned government interference in the market, because it brought harm to society. Their motto was laissez-faire, laissez passer.

Then, Adam Smith, (1723-1790) a Scottish contemporary of Quesnay, who was regarded as the father of modern economics, and took laissez-passé as his theme to offset state intervention, hence regarded state as a dangerous and untrustworthy and condemned the tariffs. That was when the state was heavily mercantilist in 1776. And he brought the idea of invisible hand which has two tightly intertwined parts: self-interest and competition

His works struck the right note at the right time and so gained a measure of respect and influence that is rare. Hence, his book The Wealth of nations makes it appear that liberalism is concerned about only economics and wealth.

Although Adam Smith was against the state intervention in the market activities, but the state had a number limited task to perform in society that individuals cannot perform by them, which is to help create an institutional environment that fosters individual action, such as establishing and maintaining basic legal system and assuring national defense.     

The liberal view of international relations;

Economic liberals tend to focus on the domain in which nation-states show their cooperative, peaceful, constructive natures through harmonious competition.

David Recardo (1772-1823) followed Smith in adopting the economic liberal view of international affairs. For Recardo, free commerce makes nations efficient and general benefit, and efficiency is a quality that liberals value as highly as liberty. In IPE jargon, liberals think that outcomes of state, market, and society relations is a positive-sum game, in which everyone can potentially get more out of a bargain than she or he put into it.

 John Stuart Mill and the evolution of the liberal perspective;

Due to the dynamism of IPE field, liberal view has evolved over the years. Thus, a critical person in the intellectual development of liberalism was John Stuart Mill (1806-1873),

John Stuart Mill presented a philosophy of social progress that was moral and spiritual progress rather than accumulation of wealth. He proposed that, to achieve social progress, the state should take limited action to supplement the market, correcting its failures. He advocated selective state action in some areas such as educating the children and assisting the poor when individual initiative might be inadequate in promoting social welfare.

 John Maynard Keynes and the Great Depression (1883-1946)

Keynes was one of the most influential figures in the 20^th century, and he proposed a theory called the Keynesian theory. His theory combines state and market influences in a way that relies on the invisible hand over a narrower range of issues.

Keynes was influenced by the Great Depression which caused him suggested that the state should use its power to fortify and improve the market, but not along the aggressive, nationalistic line of mercantilism, and not with the oppressive force of communism.

• Keynesian compromise;

 At the end of the WWII leaders of the allied nations met at Bretton Woods U.S. to forge global structures, often called Bretton Woods System. Keynes headed the British delegation to the meetings. There, he again introduced his version of liberalism and it was succeeded and accepted by the leaders, hence called Keynesian compromise.

Conservatism; the resurgence of classical liberalism.

Conservatism emerged during the periods of 1970s and 1980s, as a consequence of the diminish of Keynesian compromise. Classical liberal ideas like those of the Austrian Friedrich Hayek (1899-1922) and the American Milton Friedman (1912-2006) became increasingly popular and powerful.

Hayek argued that the only way to have security and freedom was to limit the role of government and draw security from the opportunity that the market provides to free individuals.

• Reagan, Thatcher, and the Neo conservatism;

Neo-conservatism as neo liberalism reasserted during the 1980s in the U.S and the Great Britain. Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and President Ronald Reagan were the chief practitioners of applied neoconservative ideas. Those ideas were more related to the returning back to Adam smith, Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman, but not to John Maynard Keynes.

The philosophy was that; to free up the market and grow the economy, neo liberalism in the U.S. and Great Britain was designed to reduce state control of private-sector activities, cut taxes, and deregulate market.

                  

Perspective in International Political Economy

السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته

Perspective[s] in International Political Economy (part 2)

a] Mercantilism and economic nationalism

Mercantilism is the oldest and perhaps the most important theoretical perspective IPE that accounts for one basic compulsion of all nation states to create and sustain wealth and power in order to preserve and protect their national security and independence. It is defined as state efforts to promote exports and limit imports, hence, generating trade surpluses to create wealth and power.

Hence, mercantilism often has been lumped to realism as a complementary to each other because realism like mercantilism accounts for many ways that politics, power and the state affect the economy and the markets.

Mercantilism as history, philosophy and state policy

1. History; it is linked to the rise of the modern nation state in Europe during the 15^th – 18^th centuries. It was the period of state building and intervention in the economy for the sake of making the state secure dominated political economic thought.
2. Philosophy; mercantilists philosophers see gains in economic wealth by one state often perceived as losses by competing state, that is what is called zero-sum game. The dependency on other states would weaken a nation state if imported provisions were cut off.

Colonialism was viewed as an instrument in mercantilist efforts to control trade with the exploitations of the colonial powers of their colonies by accumulating wealth, goods, cheap labor from mother country to the colonies.

Classical mercantilism is a period when newly emerging nation- states faced the problem of using their economies as a means to achieve wealth and power for the sake of national security.

Difference between realism and mercantilism; is the issue of which one should be prioritized between economy and power to achieve national security. Realists’ view says that military power should be prioritized more than economic power, while mercantilists’ view sees economic power is everything.

Economic nationalism; focuses on the internal development of the national economy. And it was a reaction to the economic liberalism which got its popularity in the 1840s.

The most famous advocates of economic nationalism were American Alexander Hamilton (1755-1804) who saw U.S economic security threatened by the mercantilist policy of other nations, hence suggested that state intervention was necessary and favored subsidies to make U.S goods more competitive at home and abroad, and German economist Friedrich List who saw that German government should take action to promote productive power in the form of education, technology and industry.

Two types of mercantilism

    Robert Gilpin makes distinction about many of the neomercantilist policies that states employed after WW11.

1. Malevolent mercantilism is a more hostile version of the economic warfare and expansionary economic policies associated with the practices of such countries as Nazi Germany and imperial Japan. Their main policies were to employ a variety of measures intentionally to expand their territorial base or political influence at the expense of other nations.
2. Benign mercantilism is more defensive in nature. It only attempts to protect the economy against untoward economic and political forces.

So far, mercantilism seems to be the oldest and the most powerful perspective of IPE.

As trade increased between nations so did the opportunity for political rivalry, which could be understood, even in today’s political and economic hostility and conflicts among the nations, since the end of WW11 until now that mercantilism has been responsible and driving force behind colonialism and imperialism in developing regions of the world as a result of growing interdependence of nations and globalization of the International Political Economy.

 

 

 

              

1. “What is International Political Economy?”

What is International Political Economy? (PART 1)

It is an analytical effect to break down the barriers that separate and isolate the disciplines of politics, economics and sociology and their method of analysis, seeking a comprehensive understanding of mainly international or global issues and events.

Essence of IPE

To understand the essence of IPE, we need to look at the basic elements of the term IPE separately;

First, IPE is International in scope, that is, it deals with issues that cross-national borders and with relations between and among nation-states. Second, IPE is political, means, it usually focuses on the use of state power to make decisions about who gets what, when and how in a society. Third, IPE is about economy which means that, it deals with how scarce resources are allocated for different uses and distributed among individuals, groups and nation-states through the market process.

Why study IPE

Three reasons for studying IPE are;

1.  IPE is important; it makes the front pages every day because many events affect us all as citizens of the world, residents of a particular nation-state and daily participants in societies and systems of markets that are international or global in nature. 
2.  IPE is useful. Public and private employers and government officials increasingly seek out those who can think broadly and critically, and those who can appreciate the effect of social conditions and alternative values in a global context. 
3.  IPE is interesting; means, it is all about life and the many actions and interactions that connect human beings around the globe. The events of September 11, 2001, Madrid bomb and others unprecedented events in the 21st century are crucially obvious that they have changed the world and made people realize that the world we live in is changing rapidly. Hence, it is the best reasons why it is important to study IPE.

 Analytical building blocks; states, markets, and societies.

States, markets and societies are highly tied and inter-connected to one another in the sense that they can affect the behavior of a variety of different actors. But there are few elements of each entity that should be taken into consideration when thinking about IPE.

• Politics and the state One political value that both states and markets value strongly is security. Basic security needs for people are; property, job, wealth, culture, religion and environment. 
•  Economics and the market Under pure market conditions, people are assumed to behave rationally in such a way that they will naturally seek to maximize their gains and minimize their losses by producing and exchanging things. And that derives them to compete with one another as well as with others for sales in local and international markets. Hence, economic efficiency comes when the society is able to distribute resources effectively and with little waste.
• Sociology and society It is obvious that, in this interconnected world, societies are always in tension with different behaviors of different groups of people. There are usually many different social groups of people in a state such as tribes, clans, and ethnics or other types of communities whose borders often cut across national boundaries. It is difficult, even, for the political officials and academics to fold those groups into one nation state or another. Examples of Iraq, Iran and many others are obvious, where tensions between different religious groups play a major role in shaping social, political, and economic behavior. 

 Interdisciplinary perspectives and sets of values

There are three varieties of approaches which attempt to describe how global actors such as states should interact or how they really behave. 

1.  mercantilism or economic nationalism is the IPE perspective most closely associated with political science, especially the political philosophy of realism which looks IPE issues as national interests and state struggle for wealth and power. 
2.  liberalism (economic liberalism) focuses on IPE issues in terms of individual interests. It studies markets and the behavior of different actors associated with them.
3. structuralism, rooted in Marxist analysis, looks at IPE issues in terms of class interests, where all of society are shaped by the dominant economic structures of society. 

 Levels of analysis Four levels of analysis on IPE issues are;

Individual, state, international system and global level. Global structure There are also four global structures and institutions that govern the behavior of states and markets in the IPE which result in the production, exchange, and distribution of global wealth and power;

1. the security structure; security from the threats and actions of other states and non state actors are most basic human needs. 
2.  production and trade structure; because producing things is one element of generating value and wealth and wealth, as it is perceived, is power.
3. finance and monetary structure; the pattern of money flows between and among nations and how certain resources are allocated and distributed between and among states.
4. knowledge and technology structure; who has knowledge and it is used is an important factor in IPE. Nations with poor access to knowledge in the forms of industrial technology, scientific discoveries, medical procedures or instant communications find themselves disadvantageous.

Properties of the International System (IS)

السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته

Properties of the International System (IS)

 International System (IS) has, at least nine (9) set of components/properties as the following;

 1. Structure of IS

IS is structurally organized in term ‘relative power’ and ‘sphere of influence’. Relative power means power possessed by one state as compared to another powerful state. For example, the world which is dominated by two world’s superpower such as the US and USSR during the Cold War period, is known as “bi-polar” international system, while the world which is dominated by one single powerful state is called “uni-polar” international system.

 2. Actor

State is traditionally considered as the principal actor in the entire history of international system, apart from non-state actors. State is traditionally considered to be representing the “will of the people” or “nation”. Thus, it functions to conduct the external relations (either politics, economic, and military) with other states in the international stage.

 3. Sovereignty

IS composed of sovereign state and it was the key player in the international stage. The state is sovereign, meaning it has the power/right its own territory and other state has no right/say over it.

 4. Power

Power is the central concern of IS. “Ability of doing and undoing according to one’s will” is so much matters in the IS. State which possessed this ability is internationally respectable and ‘feared’ by other states. Power is centrally located in the state (as the central actor in the IS). However, with the change of time, the concept of power is gradually changing to include wider dimensions, such as economic, social and cultural. These newly emerged dimensions of power are equally play an important role in the international world today.

 5. Paradigm

Paradigm in the IS is also known as “ideology” such as democracy, communism, capitalist system, free market economy etc., which are widely accepted and adopted  by the international communities. These ideologies practically, colors the ambience of the IS as well as the ‘nature of relations’ between one state to another. Democratic state will get along well with another democratic state, as much as communist/socialist state will get along well with its own kind, as the adage says “birds of the same feather flock together”.

 6.      Interaction

IS is characterized by interaction between/among states. The interaction varies in its nature and intensity. In term of nature, it takes the form of cooperation and conflict, negotiation and antagonistic. It also means extensive social contacts between citizens. In term of intensity, it takes the form of extensive economic relations and military cooperation or agreement. It also could be in the form of sporadic contacts and low level of interaction. The interaction is largely determined by level of technology.

 7.      Technology

In the IS, the role of technology is very essential in shaping the nature of contact and its intensity between/among states. The state with high level of technology will likely to have more extensive contact with other states across the borders as compared to the “less developing countries” with low level of technology. Citizen of the state will be also benefitted from the technological evolution to contact their relatives and friends abroad. The role of media and IT is tremendously important in shaping the “mood” of the international community.

 8.      Economic System

The economic system also features the nature of IS. States would have adopted certain economic system for the country’s economic growth. Some quarters would opt to free market economy, while some others adopt “protectionist economic policy”.

 9.      The Nature of Issues/Problems

The IS has unique set of problems which varies from one point of time to another. What it’s meant by issue here refers to the set of problems that requires the attention of the state and international communities at large.  For instance, the issue of terrorism apparently (or perceived as) becomes the source of concern for the international community, whereas it was a non-issue before, or at least it was not the main concern of the international communities. Migration also becomes an issue to certain country, such as Malaysia and Indonesia.

 10.  The Nature of Conflict

Conflicts take place globally also constitutes part of the features of international system. Conflict by nature is perpetual in the world, whether it is in the small or large scale. Yet, it is there and constitutes part and parcel of IS.

 

“What is constructivism?”

السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته

Constructivism

Constructivism is a social theory that seeks to explain the relationship between agents and structure of a particular society. Constructivism holds that the world is social and its affairs are not determined by static actors, rather, shared ideas which are socially constructed determine the organization and direction of world politics.

World affair is determine by many not by one state. They shared the ideas and aggregate the idea and transform the idea to the political conduct/ political activities. International politics not as a system but a society. We call society of states.

Analogy:

• In domestic affair: Society creates what is acceptable behavior and what is not. Their preference based on idea, norms, knowledge or rules that practice widely by the society.
• In international realm: many states determine the suppose-to-be behaviour amongst the states. One state has to behave and accord to acceptable norms agreed by all. They only can behave only in framework of acceptable rules, norms, or interest that is well suited to the other states. If go against the shaming would be posted to that particular state. Shaming can be practice in 2 ways that are through direct legal penalty and indirect such as a taboo and others states will punish them via sideling them. (Shaming method, which many states hate the state.)
• They react on the universal norms. the one state interest must consider the other states interest. Some of their interest is constrain to the aggregate states interest.

The many states ideas will determine the international structure; construct the identities, interest, foreign policy of states. They define it. For the constructivism the fixed interest (such been propagated by neo-liberalism and neo-realism) could be change if the individual state comes into interaction with other states and it comes into actualization if they constraint (compromise) their interest.

Neo-realism emphasized that interest is fixed but constructivism interest is subjected to change and it is flexible because it depend on the idea and with the setting that the people living in.

So constuctism try to suggest the world structure are not fixed it can be construct and reconstruct. However there should be colossal interaction with many states I shaping the new interest or identities of world politics.

Eg: nowadays we presume that international world is anarchy, if we agrees we can change the definition.

Before we believe the state has absolute sovereignty but now it is conditional. So here any outcome is result from the idea. When the idea been manufactures it would be a custom and a practice by all states.

Eg: democracy

The world can be change if we pave way for the idea. Many things can be improve if we adopt the idea as a vital force in global change. it can change the state perception whether from bad to good or from good to bad.

Eg: the use of violence as major force, we can go via consent.

Power of gun now power of words.

The world structure should not merely been judge in material force. Actually the world structure, the relation also can be obtained via ideational force. The states not only interacted because of material force it happens also because of ideational force.

Problem with realism: they suggesting that the state/ the society devoid from ideas, belief and rules. They don’t really see those ideas actually shaping their interpretation on the material force.

Actually belief can affect the international structure. Belief is a premise for a states in doing something.

• Eg: America thaier belief is it is allowable to secure their national interest although under the expense of others. They allow invading others country although they shares the concept of sovereignty
• Osama laden: his belief –the ruling regime in Arabs is non-Islamic therefore they launched terrorism.

p/s: Belief leads to the actualization of activities.So here the vital force is the ideational behind the material force.

 Idealism and holism are two basic tenets of constructivism; idealism denotes that fact that the material form of international politics is a reflection of ideas and interpretations of the actors involved. Holism means that the international system operates within a cohesive whole which is inseparable. Although agencies and individual actors exert substantial influence in structuring and shaping the system, reflections of their actions come to be observed at the global stage, and to a great extent, determine its direction.

Social construction of reality is a core idea in the constructivist theory; it holds that individuals and their thoughts are results of nurture and social values rather than ontological predisposition. Therefore, what human beings believe as facts and what they perceive and good or bad is a result of their mutual agreement which is palatable to change and transformation as well as remedy if the need be.

The crux of constructivism is that social factors such as terrorism, human rights, balance of power and so on should not be taken for granted or as naturally given, but ones which are socially constructed and shaped by agents in the international system. This means that the definition given to each concept is responsive to change if the agents are ready for so doing.

“What is Marxism?”

السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته

Marxism

Marxism is theory of international relations that emanated (originated) from the works and writings of Karl Marx. It has highly been celebrated for a long period after Karl Marx and some of its tenets are still relevant in the explaining the modern pattern of international relations. Although there are various trends in this theory, they all share some principal essentials:

1. Social world is a whole and should be understood in its entirety through interdisciplinary process, i.e. taking into account the importance of every field of social science in explaining social events. This principle is referred to as totality.
2. Materialistic conception of history; which means that changes in human history and evolution of different form of human societies is determined by economic development and changes.
3. Class is of great importance in Marxist account of societies and social changes; all trends of this theory emphasize the division of human societies into classes.

Schools in Marxist theory of international relations

There have been various ways of explaining international relations in the Marxist tradition, most common of which is:

World system theory

This theory holds that Marx’s idea about the societies and their divisions into classes apply to the international system. Meanwhile, the international society is divided into classes whereby the rich core generates and maintains its wealth through the misery of the periphery from whom raw materials and cheap labor is exploited. Immanuel Wallerstein named a third class which is the semi periphery which shares some features of the core and some of the periphery.

 Gramcianism

This is a theory developed by Antonio Gramsci of Italy who holds that while it is true that the global core subjugated(conquered) the poor periphery through the use of force in the past, this does not anymore explain the means of subordination(not vital/ lesser) in the modern world. Though the use of force may still be relevant as a tool of control between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat of the third world countries, countries of the core have managed the to gain the consent of the exploited working class of their societies and therefore have lessened the possibility of revolution envisaged by Marx. This, according to Gramsci, is done through the use of the civil society.

 Engel:Some said this revolution fail to take into place because of the coercion.

Critical theory

This trend of Marxism did not focus on the economic analysis of international relations, rather, they emphasize on matter relating to culture, bureaucracy, the social basis and the structure of the family. They hold that the formation of societies has highly been shaped through the media which they refer to as the cultural industry. They proposed the idea of emancipation and liberation from the chains of exploitation through radical democracy.

In liberating  themselves from being exploited:

1. Embrace Radical democracy (habermas), it means we try to reconciliate with the nature.
2. Not only the participate in economy equally but also in social, as well as culture.
3. Free from sovereign state in international realm(Andrew linklater)-sovereign state lose their power.where all the citizens and non-citizens share the same duty and obligation

 New Marxism

This is a school in the Marxist theory of international relations which seeks to revive classical Marxism by holding that capitalism is fulfilling its historical task and it is a necessity which should been viewed positively. The British Marxist, Bill Warren holds that capitalism is developing the means of production in the periphery thereby paving the way for future transition to socialism. This renders the core ideas of Marx with regard to revolution valid.

“what is Liberalism?”

السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته

Liberalism

Liberalism is the historical alternative to realism, it rejects the ideas of realism that the international system is warlike and that cooperation among states is not imaginable. Liberalism seeks to project values such as justice, order, liberty and toleration to the international system.  Here are some basic tenets of liberalism:

1. On individual states level, democracy is the best form of government, since historical evidence has proved the virtual impossibility of democratic regimes going to war.
2. Legal and institutional frameworks which bring together states with different cultures and traditions have the power of reducing the possibility of war among states
3. liberals believe that free trade which brings mutual gains for states regardless of their size is a critical and effective tool in maintaining peace and order in the international system.
4. Peace is not a natural condition but one which must be constructed through the establishment of international organizations charged with the task of regulating the international anarchy. This is the ideological basis of the idea of collective security whereby aggression on one state is considered to be threatening to all and therefore a joint action is taken.

Another strand of liberalism with a more modern and pragmatic approach is neo liberalism. Some scholars have identified four varieties of this liberal model:

1. Commercial liberalism: This advocates global trade integration and capitalism as a means of peace. This model is currently represented by international financial institutions.
2. Republican liberalism: This holds that democratic states respect the rights of their citizens and thus search for peaceful means to resolve their differences.
3. Sociologic liberalism: it holds that communities have become interdependent and interrelated in various areas. This raises the cost of war and makes peace the necessary choice for states.
4. Neo-liberal institutionalism: this is considered by many scholars to be a great challenge to realism with its diverse models namely the functional integration, the regional integration as well as the transnationalism and complex interdependence theories which in whole, hold that the increasing linkages among states, the impossibility of dealing with certain issues unilaterally and the decreasing role of military as ideal choice in politics are all factors that necessitate cooperation and reduce the likeliness of war among states.

 

 

 

 

Environmental security and Peace

السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته

A REVIEW:

This article was written by Jon Barnett, entitled “Environmental security and Peace”. This article was written on the basis of delving more on the issue of peace and environmental security. It is due to the little explicit of how environmental security relates to peace.

 Basically, this paper examines how environmental change can be a factor in direct violence which later exacerbates into structural violence. Finally, this paper looks at how direct violence and structural violence leads to environmental insecurity.

 Basically the paper begins by illuminating the readers by giving a clear meaning of direct violence and structural violence. Once, it has lamented those definitions, the paper agrees that

environmental insecurity is refer to the vulnerability of individuals and groups to the critical adverse effects cause by directly or indirectly by environmental change.

On that basis, the author would rather think it is appropriate to include desertification , poverty, pollution and water scarcity as such to be included as part of the environmental insecurity.

 The article couched over Galtung and was giving succinct understanding of structural violence.In this respect; Barnett didn’t reject the wide assumption for violence, Which defines violence as the difference between potential and the actual, between what could have been and what is. Basically, peace commonly defined as the absence of violence.

It is widely acceptable that violence cause harm to people’s bodies and minds. But in Galtung work, he did mention violence is also indicates something which can harm human being which caused by systems of unequal power or the structural violence which structured to unequal life chances (social injustice and inequality or positive peace).

 This paper accepts Galtung definition of peace as being the absence of direct and structural violence. In additional, this article also refers to Barnett understands of structural violence which is based on Sen’s work on the freedom and opportunities are necessary for development.

 This article has outlined the root problems and had given clear cut method in addressing the problem in order to ensure the development and also a solution in reducing structural violence that is best done by giving equal opportunities and freedoms.

 This paper believes that structural violence arises from the inequitable distribution of economic opportunities, political freedoms, social opportunities, transparency guarantees and protective security.

 Later, the paper proceeds to explain 4 of the key connections between environmental security and peace. These connections are based of the way environmental change may influence direct and structural violence plus the way of direct and structural violence influence environmental change.

This paper also give a precise example for his explanation such as the Guinea Fowl war in Ghana and conflict in Para, Brazil. Through these examples that can be found more in this article, it has well-demonstrated that environmental change can increase the risk of direct violence.

 later, this paper was emphasized that environmental change that societies now contend (deforestation, biodiversity losses, climate change, coastal  and marine degradation) can give huge impact to positive peace. Thus, it further exacerbates existing structural violence such as poverty. In additional, Barnet, also says the conflict also can occur if state that actively through violence or passively through denial of entitlements discriminate against social groups on the basis of political opposition ,class, ethnicity and location create marginalized groups which are in turn more likely to be adversely affected by environmental change.

 Later on, the article illustrates clearly that environmental insecurity are caused by the direct violence which is essentially divided into three aspects that are: warfare, military activities and war. These hugely contribute to environmental change, giving unintended outcome, generate land waste. Militaries activity in this respect are also the major emitters of greenhouse  gases and the result of war is just bad as it cause to detrimental to foreign investment and aid, destroy productive assets and also reduces food productions.

 Therefore, this article enunciates accurately that structural violence (social injustice) is intimately connected to environmental insecurity and it is proven that structural violence is also a drive of violence.

 For the conclusion, it has argued that environmental change can increase the risk of direct violence within states and will exacerbates the inequity in the distribution of freedoms and opportunities necessary for people’s physiological and psychosocial well-being. It is also argued that direct violence is a major cause of environmental change and environmental insecurity and that structural violence increase the vulnerability of resource dependent societies to environmental change. Direct violence is a very powerful cause of vulnerability to environmental change. To avoid environmental insecurity the causes of environmental change need to be addresses. Further, both direct ad structural violence need to be addressed as both are powerful drivers of vulnerability to environmental changes and both are causes of environmental change.